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Culture Resources Management
Anthropology 645
(600)
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| Course
Syllabus |
| Course Description:
History of culture resources management (CRM), current federal and state laws and regulations, methods of determining site significance, stages of CRM investigations and consultation processes, preparation of research designs and proposals, curation; and CRM ethics and current issues such as curation, treatment of human remains, and university-based CRM training.
Requirements and Grades:
Requirements include consistent class attendance, participation in discussions, and timely completion of assigned readings, oral presentations, and written summaries. Grades are based on results of mid-term essay/short-answer exam (30%), research paper and final presentation (50%), and class participation/quality of weekly presentations/synopses (20%). To accomplish class objectives and receive an "A" in this class will require at least 9 hrs per week of reading, research, and class attendance. |
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Texts:*
- Carlson, David L. (Compiler), 1997 Cultural Resources Management: Laws, Regulations, and Guidelines . Copy available (to photocopy or on disk) in the CRM/Anth 645 file at the Center for the Study of the First Americans, Anthropology Building, Room 208 or, and it may be easier, download directly from the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's web page: http://www.achp.gov/ or and perhaps easier from the National Park Service's web page in the "looking for" menu under "laws, regulations, standards" at http://www.cr.nps.gov/linklaws.htm
- King, Thomas F., 1998 Culture Resource: Laws & Practice, An Introductory Guide . AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek , California .
- King, Thomas F., 2000 Federal Planning and Historic Places: The Section 106 Process. A ltamira Press, Walnut Creek , California . Copy available (a photocopy to photocopy) in the CRM/Anth 645 file at the Center for the Study of the First Americans, Anthropology Building, Room 208 or you can order your own from publisher or elsewhere.
- King, Thomas F., 2002 Thinking about Cultural Resources Management: Essays from the Edge. A ltamira Press, Walnut Creek , California .
Required Reading ( copies available for photocopying in the CRM/Anth 645 file at the Center for the Study of the First Americans, Anthropology Building , Room 208) :
- Briuer, Frederick L., 1996 Trends and Patterns in Cultural Resource Significance: An Historical Perspective and Annotated Bibliography . Institute for Water Resources Report 96-EL-1. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Water Resources Support Center , Institute of Water Resources, Alexandria , Virginia .
- Brooks, Robert L., 1997 Compliance, Preservation, and Native American Rights: Resource Management as a Cooperative Venture. In Native Americans and Archaeologists: Stepping Stones to Common Ground , edited by Nina Swidler, Kurt E. Donogoske, Roger Anyon, and Alan S. Downer, pp. 207-216. A ltamira Press, Walnut Creek , California . ( included in photocopy file box under Swidler, et al, 1997, Native Americans and Archaeologists ).
- Burns, John A., 1993 HABS/HAER-Moving Forward with the Past. CRM V ol 16(3): ____. Available on line as well
- Butler, William B., 1987 Significance and Other Frustrations in the CRM Process. American Antiquity 52:820-829
- Carter, Cecile Elkins, 1997 Straight Talk and Trust. In Native Americans and Archaeologists: Stepping Stones to Common Ground , edited by Nina Swidler, Kurt E. Donogoske, Roger Anyon, and Alan S. Downer, pp. 151-155. A ltamira Press, Walnut Creek , California . ( included in photocopy file box under Swidler, et al, 1997, Native Americans and Archaeologists ).
- Childs, S. Terry, 2000 Managing Archaeological Collections (NPS's website and pre-book version, with many, many links and lots of good bibliographies). Internet address: http://www.cr.nps.gov/aad/collections/index.htm
- Echo-Hawk, Roger, 1997 Forging a New Ancient History for Native America . In Native Americans and Archaeologists: Stepping Stones to Common Ground , edited by Nina Swidler, Kurt E. Donogoske, Roger Anyon, and Alan S. Downer, pp. 88-102. A ltamira Press, Walnut Creek , California . ( included in photocopy file box under Swidler, et al, 1997, Native Americans and Archaeologists ).
- Ferguson , T. J., Joe Watkins, and Gordon L. Pullar, 1997 Native Americans and Archaeologists: Commentary and Personal Perspectives. In Native Americans and Archaeologists: Stepping Stones to Common Ground , edited by Nina Swidler, Kurt E. Donogoske, Roger Anyon, and Alan S. Downer, pp. 64-76. A ltamira Press, Walnut Creek , California . ( included in photocopy file box under Swidler, et al, 1997, Native Americans and Archaeologists ).
- Field, Julie S., 2001 An exercise in Archaeological Ethics: University of Hawai'I Undergraduates and the Case of Kennewick Man. Public Anthropology: The Graduate Journal edited at the University of Hawai'I , Monoa (2001b)
- Garrow, Barbara A., Patrick H. Garrow, and Pat A. Thomas, 1994 Women in Contract Archaeology. In Women in Archaeology , pp. 182-201, edited by Cherl Claassen, University of Pennsylvania Press , Philadelphia .
- Fagan, Brian, 1999 An Academic Time Warp. Discovering Archaeology , Vol 1 (4) [July/August]:8-11.
- Hardesty, Donald L. and Barbara J. Little, 2000 Assessing Site Significance: A Guide for Archaeologists and Historians . A ltamira Press, Walnut Creek , California .
- Jemison, G. Peter, 1997 Who Owns the Past? In Native Americans and Archaeologists: Stepping Stones to Common Ground , edited by Nina Swidler, Kurt E. Donogoske, Roger Anyon, and Alan S. Downer, pp. 57-63. A ltamira Press, Walnut Creek , California . ( included in photocopy file box under Swidler, et al, 1997, Native Americans and Archaeologists ).Kelly, Robert
- Kelly, Robert, 1998 Native Americans and Archaeology: A Vital Partnership. Society of American Archaeology Bulletin 16(4):24-26.
- Lipe, William D., 2000 Archaeological Education and Renewing American Archaeology. In Teaching Archaeology in the Twenty-First Century , edited by Susan J. Bender and George S. Smith, pp. 17-20. Society for American Archaeology, Washington D.C.
- Lippert, Dorothy, 1997 Indigenous Rights and Archaeology. In Native Americans and Archaeologists: Stepping Stones to Common Ground , edited by Nina Swidler, Kurt E. Donogoske, Roger Anyon, and Alan S. Downer, pp. 64-76. A ltamira Press, Walnut Creek , California . ( included in photocopy file box under Swidler, et al, 1997, Native Americans and Archaeologists ).
- Lynott, Mark J., and Vincas P. Steponaitis, 2000 Training Students in Archaeological Ethics. In Teaching Archaeology in the Twenty-First Century , edited by Susan J. Bender and George S. Smith, pp. 53-57. Society for American Archaeology, Washington D.C.
- McManamon, Francis P., 2000 Professional Education and Training for Public Service Archaeology. In Teaching Archaeology in the Twenty-First Century , edited by Susan J. Bender and George S. Smith, pp. 65-67. Society for American Archaeology, Washington D.C.
- Miller, James J., 2000 The Government Sector: Reforming the Archaeology Curriculum to Respond to New Contexts of Employment. In Teaching Archaeology in the Twenty-First Century , edited by Susan J. Bender and George S. Smith, pp. 69-72. Society for American Archaeology, Washington D.C.
- Murphy, Monica P., 1996 One of a Kind The Records of HABS/HAER. CRM vol 19(9): _______ available on line as well.
- Parker, Patricia L. and Thomas E. King, 1990 Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties. National Register Bulletin 38, U. S. Department of Interior, Washington D.C. (on line at www2.cr.nps.gov/tribal/bull3803.html)
- Perttula, Timothy, and Bo Nelson, 1998 The Looting of Prehistoric Caddo Indian Cemeteries in Northeast Texas . Texas Forum on Civil Liberties & Civil Rights 4(1): 77-86.
- Rice, David G., 1997 The Seeds of Common Ground: Experimentation in Indian Consultation. In Native Americans and Archaeologists: Stepping Stones to Common Ground , edited by Nina Swidler, Kurt E. Donogoske, Roger Anyon, and Alan S. Downer, pp. 217-226. A ltamira Press, Walnut Creek , California . ( included in photocopy file box under Swidler, et al, 1997, Native Americans and Archaeologists ).
- Roberts, Alexa, 1997 Tribal Consultation in the National Park Service: A personal Perspective. In Native Americans and Archaeologists: Stepping Stones to Common Ground , edited by Nina Swidler, Kurt E. Donogoske, Roger Anyon, and Alan S. Downer, pp. 227-234. A ltamira Press, Walnut Creek , California . ( included in photocopy file box under Swidler, et al, 1997, Native Americans and Archaeologists ).
- Russell, Steve, 1998 Sacred Ground: Unmarked Graves Protection in Texas Law. Texas Forum on civil Liberties & Civil Rights 4(1): 3-23.
- Schuldenrein, Joseph, and Jeffrey H. Altschul, 2000 Archaeological Education and Private Sector Employment. In Teaching Archaeology in the Twenty-First Century , edited by Susan J. Bender and George S. Smith, pp. 59-64. Society for American Archaeology, Washington D.C.
- Smith, George S, and Dorothy S. Krass, 2000 SAA Surveys Regarding Public Archaeology/Cultural Resources Management and Teaching. In Teaching Archaeology in the Twenty-First Century , edited by Susan J. Bender and George S. Smith, pp. 21-27. Society for American Archaeology, Washington D.C.
- Sonderman, Robert C., 1996 Primal Fear: Deaccessioning Collections. Common Ground 1(2):-29.
- Texas Historical Commission, 2000 Rules of Practice and Procedure for the Antiquities of Texas (Chapter 26). Texas Historical Commission, Austin. (on line at: http://www.thc.state.tx.us/index.html)
- Thoms, Alston V., 1998 Beyond Texas ' Legacy: Searching for Cooperation without Submission. Texas Forum on Civil Liberties & Civil Rights 4(1): 41-52.
- Tsosie, Rebbeca, 1997 Indigenous Rights and Archaeology. In Native Americans and Archaeologists: Stepping Stones to Common Ground , edited by Nina Swidler, Kurt E. Donogoske, Roger Anyon, and Alan S. Downer, pp. 64-76. A ltamira Press, Walnut Creek , California . ( included in photocopy file box under Swidler, et al, 1997, Native Americans and Archaeologists ).
- Vitelli, Karen D. (Editor), 1996 Archaeological Ethics . Altamira Press, Walnut Creek , California .
- Wilson, J., 1990 We've Got Thousands of These! What Makes an Historic Farmstead Significant? Historical Archaeology 24(2):23-33.
- Woodcock, David, 1998 Interdisciplinary Service to the Community . CRM : 21(3): 20-21.
Useful CRM web sites with many more links (also see King's (1998) list: 259-260)
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Structure:
Classes will be devoted to slide lectures and occasional movie
presentations. An emphasis will be placed on the use of higher order
thinking and reasoning in the acquisition and communication of new
knowledge. You will be expected to critically read the assigned
books and articles and analyze and synthesize this material in light
of classroom lectures.
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Schedule:
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Week
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Week 1
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Introduction to the course and instructor, as well as of students and their interests , preview of CRM, its history and contemporary issues from instructor's perspective and experiences; discuss nature of student research project (i.e., term paper).
General assignment for each week: review current/recent issues of the journal CRM (available on line at http://www.cr.nps.gov/crm/ ) and on-line discussions on ACRA-L, as basis for class discussions; review you case-study project as it relates to weekly topic(s); review laws and regs. as per assignment (available from Carlson (1997) or on line: http://www.cr.nps.gov/linklaws.htm and elsewhere
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Week 2
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MLK Day, no class
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CRM developmental history and instructor's perspectives; overview of CRM-related legislation and application from 1906 to present; CRM trends and current issues, including stakeholders and place of CRM in academia.
ssignment for this class period: prepare a 5 minute oral review of a current CRM article and a CRM-related web page, with ca. 3-page, double-spaced summary and comment; come up with a working idea as to what case-study you would like to undertake for research project; sign on and review the American Cultural Resources Association's list serve (ACRA-L at http://www.acra-crm.org/acra-l.html ); read King (1998) pp. ix-x ("Editor's Introduction"); pp. 3-12 ("Introduction"); pp. 13-23 ("Brief History of CRM"); pp. 25-32 ("The Players"); pp. 35-58 ("National Environ. Policy Act"); Smith and Krass (2000); Fagan (1999); King (2002): xi-34; copy (photocopy or disk) and Carlson (1997) or download same set from Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's web page http://www.achp.gov/ -CRM laws, regulations, etc.-and familiarize yourself with contents, especially law/regs covered in readings (Antiquities Act of 1906, Historic Sites Act of 1935, NEPA) |
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Week 4
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Federal CRM Legislation/Process, Part I, CRM legislation 1906-1966 and the National Historic Preservation Act; current approaches to public and stakeholder involvement and role of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation;
Guest lecture: Ms. Patience Patterson (archaeologist, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Forth Worth District): USACOE CRM practices, including interactions with field practitioners, state regulators, and stakeholders.
Assignment for this class period: prepare a 5 minute summary of a major Federal CRM law/regs of special interest and key federal (or state) legislation that relates to your case study, with ca. 3 page written summary/comment; read King (1998) 59-147 ("Impacts of Historic Properties: Section 106 of NHPA"); King (2000): 11-40, 103-114; review NHPA 1966, as amended; 36-CFR-60, 61, 63, 65, and "Working with Section 106" (on line at http://www.achp.gov/ ) to become familiar with legislation and related regulations, standards in light of assigned readings; select a case-study project |
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Week 5
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Federal CRM Legislation/Process, Part II, other legislation/regulations and issues, including ARPA, NAGPRA, AIRFA, ASA, treatment guidelines (36-CFR-68), traditional cultural properties, and a preview of ethics issues in CRM/Archaeology.
Assignment for this class period: prepare a 5 minute summary of key players and roles in case study, including initial telephone interview results and how your case study relates to NAGPRA, other stakeholders, and ethics issues, with ca. 3 page written summary/comment; read King (1998): 149-216 ("Other Cultural Resources Procedures"), Parker and King (1990); Thoms (1998), Kelley (1998), Roberts (1997), Echo-Hawk (2000); review NAGPA, 43-CFR-10: Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Regulations, also American Indian Freedom of Religion Act, Archeological Resources Protection Act, and Abandoned Shipwreck Act, and 36-CFR-68. |
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Week 6
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CRM Implementation, Part I , doing Federal projects, research contexts and SHPO role, overview of large-scale CRM projects in Pacific Northwest .
Guest lecture, Mr. William Martin (THC/Archeology Division, Archeologist, Asst. Dir., State & Federal Review): Perspectives SHPO and THC roles in historic preservation and compliance with Texas Antiquities Code.
ssignment for this class period: prepare a 5 minute review of research context and significance issues that pertain to your case study, with ca. 3 page written summary/comment; read King (1998): 219-231 ("Comprehensive Cultural Resources Assessment"), Briuer (1996); Hardesty and Little (2000): 3-79, 153-60; Lipe (2000), McManamon (2000); Miller (2000); THC (2000 and Texas Antiquities Code per se); review THC webpage ( http://www.thc.state.tx.us/index.html ) and Secretary of the Interior's Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. |
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Week 7
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CRM Implementation, Part II, introduction to processes and players in Texas ; the Medina River project as a case study; taking the pulse of current CRM in Texas, especially archaeology;
Guest lecture, Ms. Barbara Nickerson, biologist and Vice President Freese and Nichols, Inc., a Texas-based A&E firm that oversees CRM projects): Perspectives from the private sector and women in the CRM world.
ssignment for this class period: prepare a 5 minute review on how your case study fits with state-level CRM regs and a summary/comparison of another state's CRM laws and regs., with ca. 3 page written summary/comment; read King (2000): 41-102, 175-190; Garrow et al. (1994); Schuldenrein and Altschul (2000) |
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Week 8
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Mid Term Exam (essay/short answer) first hour or so of class; CRM Implementation, Part III, overview and examples of the "site-winnowing" process-inventory, assessment, mitigation-to identify significant objects, buildings, sites, districts and mitigate adverse impacts: many are found, but relatively few are important.
ssignment for this class period: prepare a 5 minute summary of "site-winnowing" process in your case study, with a ca. 3 page written summary/comment and prepare for exam |
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Week 9 |
First day of spring break |
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Week 10 |
Native Americans, NAGPRA, and archaeology/CRM: a tribal perspectives on CRM, NAGPRA-related issues, and other state- and Federal-level consultation as presented and discussed by presented by guest panel discussants: Mr. Robert Gonzalez (NAGPRA coordinator, Caddo Nation); Mr. Robert Cast (cultural resource specialists, Caddo Nation); and Dr. Timothy Perttula (consulting archaeologist, Caddo Nation): Archaeology and cultural resource management from a tribal perspective, NAGPRA-related issues, and a need unmarked graves protection legislation in Texas from an Indian perspective.
Assignment for this class period: prepare a 5 minute summary of graves protection legislation and Indian consultation issues in one state and comparison with regulations in a state lacking such legislation, with ca. 3 page written summary/comment; read Tsosie (1997), Jemison (1997); Russell (1998); Carter (1997), Lippert (1997); review Caddo History (see books on file in room 208 by Carter; Perttula; Smith) |
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Week 11
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Inventory and survey components (Phase I) of Federal and state regulations, guidelines, and standards ; examples from CRM projects, including proposal and budget preparation for Phase I studies;
Guest lecture, Mr. Douglas Boyd, archaeologist, and Vise President of Prewitt & Associates, a leading CRM firm in Texas : Perspectives on CRM projects from the private sector, including interactions with regulators, sponsors, and stakeholders and current issues.
Assignment for this class period: prepare a 5 minute summary and discussion of the inventory and survey components of your case study (incl. telephone-interview data), with a ca. 3 page written summary/comment; read King (2002): 35-100; THC (2000); review THC and CTA webpages on survey and reporting guidelines, and appropriate Federal laws regs, especially Secretary of Interior's standards |
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Week 12
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Assessment and evaluation components (Phase II) and ; examples from CRM projects, including proposal and budget preparation for Phase II studies;
Assignment for this class period: prepare a 5 minute summary and discussion of the assessment component of your case study (incl. telephone interview data), with a ca. 3 page written summary/comment; read Butler (1987), Wilson (1990), and review THC and CTA webpages on survey and reporting guidelines, and appropriate Federal laws regs, especially Secretary of Interior's standards |
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Week 13
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Treatment/mitigation components (Phase III) of Federal and state regulations, guidelines, and standards ; architectural issues in Federal and state regulations, guidelines, and standards examples from CRM projects, including proposal and budget preparation for Phase III studies;
Guest lecture, Professor David Woodcock (Architecture/TAMU, Professor and Director of Historic Resources Imaging Laboratory) : An overview of architectural issues in Historic Preservation and CRM
Assignment for this class period: 5 minute summary and discussion of the mitigation component of your case study (incl. telephone interview data), with a ca. 3 page written summary/comment; read Burns (1993), Murphy (1996), and other architecture-related articles
in CRM, including Woodcock (1998); review architectural components of 36-CFR-60-68; review THC webpage on architecture- and preservation-related issues, and appropriate Federal laws regs, including Secretary of Interior's standards |
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Week 14
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Final reports as contributions to CRM, research in general, and public involvement in heritage preservation , including related ethics concerns; examples from CRM and Texas Archeology
Assignment for this class period: prepare a 5 minute summary and discussion of contributions and potentials for public education and preservation issue study, with a ca. 3 page written summary/comment; read King (2002): 101-144; Vitelli (1996) chapters 1, 21, 22, 23; Field (2002); review THC web page, Archaeology Division, Stewards Network and other outreach projects; also review Texas Beyond History web site at http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/ |
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Week 15
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Curation issues, long-term management plans, examples from CEA; tie up loose ends, including discussion of student research projects and any problems therein.
Assignment for this class period: read King (2002): 145-179; Sonderman (1996); Childs (2000, on line) chpt. 1-3, and 10; 36-CFR-79, Curation of Federally-Owned and Administrated Collections;" review CTA and THC webpage information Curation and Facilities Accreditation |
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| Week 16 |
Cultural and Ethnic Diversity in CRM , review and discussion of examples of public and ethic-group involvement in archaeological projects at per-Columbian sites in the Pacific Northwest, as well as at a Spanish Colonial mission, a Texana cemetery site, and a Civil War POW camp in Texas
Assignment for this class period: read Brooks (1997); Ferguson et al. (1997); Rice (1997) |
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Final Exam : Oral presentation-10-15 minutes--to summarize how your case study project and relate it CRM laws, regulations, and current issues. TERM PAPER DUE (i.e., a compilation/synthesis of your quasi-weekly written assignments and oral presentations). |
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