PRIMARY TEXT:

• Timothy K. Perttula (editor), 2004 The Prehistory of Texas . Texas A&M University Press, College Station

SUPPLEMENTAL READINGS AND REFERENCES (subject to additions/substitutions during semester); Some of these are available on WebCT (hhtps://webct.tamu.edu; long on with your Neo id and password)

• Anderson, D G., 1996 Models of Paleo-Indian and Early Archaic Settlement in the Lower Southeast. In The Paleoindian and Early Archaic Southeast , edited by D.G. Anderson and K.E. Sassman, pp. 29-57 . The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa .

•  Binford, Lewis R., 2001 Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using Hunter-Gatherer and Environmental Data Sets . University of California Press , Berkeley. Chpater 3: "The Play of Ideas in the Scientific Theater," pp. 44-52 and "Epilogue," pp. 465-472; IN GENERAL, THIS TEXT IS USED PRIMARILY IN THIS CLASS A REFERENCE DOCUMENT TO DEFINE/EXPLAIN A MULTITUED OF ENVIRNMENTAL AND ETHNOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

• Black, S. L., 1986 The Clement and Herminia Hinojosa Site, 41JW8-A Toyah Horizon Campsite in Southern Texas . Special Report 18. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio . READ OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY CHAPTERS

• Black, Stephen L., and Darrell G. Creel, 1997 The Central Texas Burned Rock Midden Reconsidered. In Hot Rock Cooking on the Greater Edwards Plateau: Four Burned Rock Midden Sites in West Central Texas , edited by Stephen L. Black, Linda W. Ellis, Darrell G. Creel, and Glenn T. Goode, vol. 1, pp. 269-314. Studies in Archeology 22, Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, The University of Texas , Austin and Archeological Studies Program, Report 2, Texas Department of Transportation, Environmental Affairs Division, Austin .

• Black, Stephen L. and A. Joachim McGraw, 1985 The Panther Springs Creek Site: Cultural Change and Continuity within the Upper Salado Creek Watershed, South-Central Texas . Center for Archaeological Research, Archaeological Survey Report, No. 100, The University of Texas at San Antonio . READ OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY CHAPTERS

• Blair, William. F., 1950 The Biotic Provinces of Texas . The Texas Journal of Science, 2(1):93-113.

• Bousman, C. B., 1998 Paleoenvironmental Change in Central Texas : The Palynological Evidence. Plains Anthropologist 43:201-219.

• Boyd, C. E., 2003 Rock Art of the Lower Pecos . Texas A&M University Press, College Station . READ___.

• Bruseth, J. E. and T. K. Perttula, 1987 Hunter-Gatherers of the Prairie Margin: Summary of the Prehistoric Archeological Record. In Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations along the Prairie Margins: Site Excavations and Synthesis of Prehistoric Archaeology , edited by D. E. McGregor and J. E. Bruseth, pp. 229-259. Richland Creek Technical Series, Vol 3. Archaeology Research Program, Institute for the Study of Man and Earth, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.

• Bryant, V. M. Jr., 1986 Prehistoric Diet: A Case for Coprolite Analysis. In Ancient Texans: Rock Art and Lifeways along the Lower Pecos , edited by H. J. Shafer, pp. 2-30. Texas Monthly Press, San Antonio , Texas .

• Bryant, V. M., Jr., and R. G. Halloway., 1985 A Late-Quaternary Paleoenvironmental Record of Texas : An Overview of the Pollen Evidence. In: V. M. Bryant, Jr. and R. G. Holloway (eds.), Pollen Records of Late-Quaternary North American Sediments, pp. 39-70. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, Dallas , Texas .

• Carr, John T., Jr., 1967 The Climate and Physiography of Texas . Report No. 53, Texas Water Development Board, Austin .

• Dering, J. P., 1999 Earth-oven Plant Processing in Archaic Period Economies: An Example from a Semi-Arid Savannah in South-Central North America . American Antiquity 64(4):659-674.

• --------, 2003 Botanical Perspectives on Land Use in the Cross Timbers and Prairies: Plant Remains from Burned Rock Middens in Brown County , Texas . In Archaeological Testing to Determine the National Register Eligibility Status of 18 Prehistoric Sites on Camp Bowie, Brown County, Texas , edited by Raymond P. Mauldin, David L. Nickels, and Cory J. Broehm, pp. 58-78. Center for Archaeological Research, Archaeological Survey Report, No. 334, The University of Texas at San Antonio .

• Drass, R., 1998 The Southern Plains Villages. In Archaeology on the Great Plain s , edited by W. R. Wood, pp. 415-455. University Press of Kansas , Lawrence .

• Duaine, C. L. (editor and translator), 1971 Caverns of Oblivion. Packrat Press, Manchaca , Texas . READ: portions of Alonzo de Leon's First Discourse (1649) pertaining to Indians of northeaster Mexico and south Texas , pp. 27-44.

• Ferring, C. R., 1995 The Late Quaternary Geology and Archaeology of the Aubrey Clovis Site, Texas : A Preliminary Report. In Ancient Peoples and Landscapes , edited by E. Johnson, pp. 273-281. Museum of Texas Tech Universtiy, Lubbock.

• Flint , R. and S. C. Flint, 1997 The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540-1542 Route across the Southwest , Eds. Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. University Press of Colorado , Boulder .

• Foster, W. C. (editor), 1997 Texas and Northeastern Mexico , 1630-1690, by Juan Buatista Chapa. University of Texas Press, Austin. Read "Introduction," pp. 1-24.

• Hall, G. D., 1981 Allen's Creek: A Study in the Prehistory of the Lower Brazos River Valley, Texas . Research Report No. 61 , Texas Archeological Survey, University of Texas at Austin . SUMMARY CHAPTER

• Hall, Grant D., Thomas R. Hester, and Stephen L. Black, 1986 The Prehistoric Sites at Choke Canyon Reservoir, Southern Texas : Results of Phase II Archaeological Investigations . Center for Archaeological Research, Choke Canyon Series, Volume 10. The University of Texas at San Antonio . OR WHATEVER IS THE SYNTHESIS CHAPTER FOR ALL VOLUMES

• Hamilton , D.L., 2001 Prehistory of the Ruslter Hills: Granado Cave . University of Texas Press, Austin. READ CHAPTERS ON "VERTEBRATE FAUNAL REMAINS, pp. 225-236, and "CONCLUDING REMARKS," pp. 266-276.

• Hester, T. R., 1999 Artifacts, Archaeology, and Cabeza de Vaca in Southern Texas and Northeastern Mexico . Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 70:17-25.

• Johnson, LeRoy, Jr., 1989 Great Plains Interlopers in the Eastern Woodlands during Late Paleoindian Times: The Evidence from Oklahoma , Texas , and Areas Close By. Office of the State Archeologist Report 36, Texas Historical Commission, Austin , Texas .

• Kenmotsu, N. A., J. E. Bruseth, and J. E. Corbin, 1993 Moscoso and the Route in Texas : A Reconstruction. In The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi , 1541-1543: Proceedings of the de Soto Symposium, 1988 and 1990 , edited by G. A. Young and M. P. Hoffman, pp. 106-131. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville :

• Newcomb, W.W., Jr., 1993 Historical Indians of Central Texas . Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 64:1-63.

• Nordt, L.C., T.W. Boutton, J.S. Jacob, and R.D. Mandel, 2002 C 4 Plant Productivity and Climate-CO 2 Variations in South-Central Texas during the Late Quaternary. Quaternary Research 58:182-188.

• Nordt, L.C., T.W. Boutton, C.T. Hallmark, and M.R. Waters, 1993 Late Quarternary Vegetation and Climate Changes in Central Texas Based on the Isotopic Composition of Organic Carbon. Quarternary Research 41:109-120.

• Oviedo y Valdez, G. F., 2002 [1852] Historia General y Natural de las Indias [first written in mid 1500s]. In We Came Naked and Barefoot: The Journey of Cabeza de Vaca across North America , e dited by M. H. Krieger, pp. 243-319. University of Texas Press, Austin.

• Prewitt, Elton R., 1983 From Circleville to Toyah: Comments on Central Texas Chronology. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 54:201-238.

• Prikryl, Daniel J., 1990 Lower Elm Fork Prehistory: A redefinition of Cultural Concepts and Chronologies along the Trinity River, North-Central Texas . Office of the State Archeologist Report No. 37. Texas Historical Commission, Austin. READ _____________.

• Quigg, J. M., 1996 Overall Summary and Interpretations. In Archaeological Testing at Fort Hood : 1994-1995 , edited by W. N. Trierweiler , pp. 653-707. Archaeological Resources Management Series, Research Report 35, Fort Hood , Texas .

• Salinas , M., 1990 Indians of the Rio Grande Delta: Their Role in the History of Southern Texas and Northeast Mexico . University of Texas Press, Austin. READ ______.

• Shafer, H. J., 1986 Moon's Band: A.D. 210-A Fictionalized Account. In Ancient Texans: Rock Art and Lifeways along the Lower Pecos , edited by H. J. Shafer, pp. 2-30. Texas Monthly Press, San Antonio , Texas .

• Story, Dee Ann, 1985 Adaptive Strategies of Archaic Cultures of the West Gulf Coast .  IN:  Prehistoric Food Production in North America , Richard I. Ford, editor.  Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology , University of Michigan No. 75, pp. 19-56.

• Thoms, A. V., 1994 Hunter-Gatherers and Horticulturalists in the Central Cross Timbers: Evidence from the Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Records. In The Valley Branch Archaeological Project: Excavation at an Archaic Site (41MU55) in the Cross Timbers Uplands, North-Central Texas , edited by Alston V. Thoms, pp. 25-39. Reports of Investigations No. 15, Archaeological Research Laboratory, Texas A&M University , College Station .

• ------, 2004 READ THREE CHAPTERS IN EDITED VOLUME "Natural Resource Structure and Land-Use Potential in the Middle Reach of the Yegua Creek Basin," pp.9-27; Native American Land Use in the Yegua Creek Basin and Vicinity: Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Records," 35-48; "An Assessment of "Archaeological Records at Lake Somerville State Parks and Trailway: Past Land-Use Patterns and Future Research Dirctions," 169-186. In Yegua Creek Archaeological Project: Survey Results from Lake Somerville State Parks and Trailway, East-Central Texas , edited by A.V. Thoms. Reports of Investigation No. 5, Center for Ecological Archaeology, Texas A&M University , College Station

• ------, 2005a in press Cultural Contexts: Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Records. In Archaeological and Paleoecological Investigations at the Richard Beene Site in South-Central Texas , edited by A. V. Thoms and R. D. Mandel, pp. 121-136. Reports of Investigation No. 8. Center for Ecological Archaeology, Texas A&M University , College Station .

• ------, 2005b in press Archaeological Records at the Richard Beene Site: Summary and Synthesis. In Archaeological and Paleoecological Investigations at the Richard Beene Site in South-Central Texas , edited by A. V. Thoms and R. D. Mandel, pp. 337-380. Reports of Investigation No. 8. Center for Ecological Archaeology, Texas A&M University , College Station .

• Thoms, A. V. and R. D. Mandel, 2005 in press Ecological Setting: The Lower Medina River Valley and Surrounding Inner Gulf Coastal Plain. In Archaeological and Paleoecological Investigations at the Richard Beene Site in South-Central Texas , edited by A. V. Thoms and R. D. Mandel, pp. 15-26.

• Reports of Investigation No. 8. Center for Ecological Archaeology, Texas A&M University , College Station .

• Turner, E.S., and P. Tanner, 1994 The McFaddin Beach Site on the Upper Texas Coast . Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 65:319-336.

• Whalen, M. E., 1994 Moving Out of the Archaic on the Edge of the Southwest. American Antiquity 59(4):622-638.

Class Structure:

The class' seminar format is designed to provide students, through readings, lectures, and discussions, with a working knowledge of variation in pre-Columbian lifeways in Texas ' various ecological regions as and of related issues pertaining to the regions' diverse archaeological records. Student research papers focus on a temporal or spatial aspect of Texas archaeology (e.g., technology, mobility, diet, population dynamics, exchange systems, etc.), ideally one that relates to her/his thesis/dissertation topic. Research papers are intended to afford case-study analytical experience in the use of ethnographic, environmental, and site-formation data to address questions about past hunter-gatherer and farmer behavior evidenced in Texas and vicinity's archeological records.

Lewis Binford and Amber Johnson ( Truman State University , Missouri ) have kindly provided the class with ethnographic projections compiled from over 300 world-wide, hunter-gatherer case studies along with environmental data from some 550 NOAA/NCDC weather stations in TX, NM, OK, LA, and AR, along with others throughout northeast Mexico . These data (i.e., " frames of references") are in table format and include various measures of temperature, growing season, vegetation, terrain, surface water, net above ground productivity, and big-game density. Together with ethnographic information, they provide the basis for projecting, on a station-by-station basis, various measures of human population density, importance of hunting, gathering, and fishing, group size, territory size, and levels of social organization. Collectively, these frames of reference are especially useful in generating expectations and assessing working models about the nature of archaeological records in Texas and adjacent regions.

A typical, 3-hour seminar consists of: (1) overview and discussion of environmental and ethnographic frames of reference for the region and related archaeological expectations; (2) instructor or guest lecturer presentation on the topic of the day, which will include environmental and archaeological data from case-study sites and regions, interspersed with student queries, comments, and discussion; and (3) student queries and comments pertaining their own research interests and papers. Most class periods will include very brief presentations/discussions of student-generated Isobar maps of environmental and ethnographic variables pertaining to the topic of the day. On/before February 07, students must select a research topic; on October 15, students present a brief overview (ca. 7 minutes) and submit a detailed outline of their research paper; on April 25, they present a synthesis (ca. 20 minutes) of the resulting research paper. The final research paper is due on May 9.

Term Paper:

The research paper (25-30 double-spaced pages of text, plus tables, figures, and references cited) presents a synthesis and analysis of some aspect of Texas archaeology. Selection of a specific region and focus is dependent on each student's research interest, known or anticipated. Ideally, it should pertain to an issue(s) that fits comfortably with her/his thesis or dissertation topic. The paper should accomplish the following: (1) clearly state the research problem and methods; (2) place the region of choice in its present-day environmental context, including Binford's environmental data (i.e., frames of reference); (3) review evidence for climatic change during the periods under study and generate archeological expectations pertinent to the topic at hand; (4) review regional ethnographic data (e.g., material culture, settlement, subsistence, social organization), including Binford's ethnographic data (i.e., frames of reference), and generate archeological expectation pertinent to the topic at hand; (5) review the region's archaeological record, including issues of site integrity and formation processes, placing emphasis on the temporal period(s) and aspects of material culture of interest and compare it expectations generated in 2-4 above; (6) present analytical results that address the research topic; and (7) assess/critique overall fits between general expectations and archaeological records and between your specific research hypothesis and analytical results.